g = 2 from a spinor — two with no middle, without relativity
Stern–Gerlach uses silver, whose active electron is L = 0 (spherical, no orbital current). A
scalar charge density then has no moment and cannot split — yet the beam splits into
two. Give the electron's domain a two-component spinor with a
σ·p kinetic term, and squaring it produces the
−q σ·B Zeeman coupling automatically: two levels
±μBB, no middle, with g = 2 — and, by Lévy-Leblond, entirely
non-relativistically.
An L = 0 electron through a field gradient. Scalar: one undeflected spot.
Spinor: two spots, no middle, separating as B grows.
Moment vs angular momentum: the slope is g. Orbital (g = 1) reaches
μ = ±μB only at ±1 unit; spin (g = 2) reaches it already at
±½ — twice the moment per unit of angular momentum.
L = 0 outcome—
number of spots1
middle beam?—
g-factor—
splitting0
A scalar density with orbital circulation can only split into an odd
number 2l+1 (with a middle), and for L = 0 it does not split at all. Only the spinor gives exactly two.
How g = 2 emerges. Writing the kinetic term as
(σ·D)²/2m with D = p − qA and using (σ·D)² =
D²𝟙 − q σ·B gives the g = 2 Zeeman term
automatically — it is not inserted by hand (single-electron grid test: identity holds to
~10⁻³, O(dx²)). The “2” is the SU(2) double cover, geometry not relativity.